The fighting expeditions and conquests of Prophet Muhammad he waged against infidels.

1) Expedition of Waddan ---- August 623
 Invasion of al-Abwa or Waddan,[2] also known as the Battle of Waddan or Battle of Abwa, was the first battle involving Muslim forces and Muhammad. Some caravan raids took place from 623 to 624, which led to the Battle of Badr. This battle is called a Ghazawat, i.e. battles in which Muhhamad participated. Most of the battles which took place in Waddan Abwa were small skirmishes: sometimes only arrows were fired and no casualties took place; they were mainly a prelude to a bigger war.
    http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/invasion_of_waddan
 

2) Patrol of Buwat ---- October 623
Approximately a month after the patrol of Wadden, Muhammad personally led two hundred men including Muhajirs and Ansars to Bawat, a place on the caravan route of the Quraysh raiders, led by Umayyah ibn Khalaf.[3][4][5] Ibn Khalaf was beilived to have totured a Muslim Bilal Ibn Rabah and had strongly opposed Islam.[6] However, no battle took place.[3] According, to Haykal, Umayyah ibn Khalaf took another route.
    http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Patrol_of_Buwat
 

3) Expedition of Al-Ashirah ---- December 623
When Muḥammad received intelligence that a Meccan caravan was heading towards Syria led by Abū Sufyān ibn Ḥarb, he directed about 150-200 Muslim volunteers in order to intercept it.[2]
They had 30 camels that they rode upon by turns. They made their way through the territory of the Banū Dīnār, then past Fayfā’ al-Khabār[3] or Khayyār[4] and made camp beneath a tree in the Ibn Azhar valley at a place called Dhāt al-Sāq. The Prophet said his prayers there where a mosque was built.
The army then moved on, leaving al-Khalā'iq to their left and traversed the 'Abdullah defile. From there the Prophet kept left; coming down the Yalyal trail where it joined al-Ḍabū'ah. He drank of the well at al-Ḍabū'ah and then traversed the plain of Malal until he met the road at Ṣukhayrāt al-Yamām and then went on along it till he reached al-’Ushayrah, in the valley of Yanbu‘.[3] They expected to ambush that caravan there.[citation needed]
Muḥammad knew when this caravan had departed from Mecca and encamped there for about a month for this caravan to arrive at the ambush point. But the Meccan caravan had already passed some days before when the Muslims arrived.[citation needed]
This was the same caravan led by Abū Sufyān that the Prophet set out to intercept on its return from Syria two months after Dhi’l ‘Ushayrah invasion, and was the direct reason for the break out of the Battle of Badr.[2]
The Prophet left Abu Salamah ibn 'Abd al-Asad in charge of Medina while he was away.
http://wikivisually.com/wiki/Patrol_of_Zul_Al-Ushairah

4) First Expedition to Badr ---- 623
Prior to the battle, the Muslims and the Meccans had fought several smaller skirmishes in late 623 and early 624. Badr, however, was the first large-scale engagement between the two forces. Advancing to a strong defensive position, Muhammad's well-disciplined force broke the Meccan lines, killing several important Quraishi leaders including the Muslims' chief antagonist Abu Jahl.[3] For the early Muslims the battle was the first sign that they might eventually defeat their enemies among the Meccans. Mecca at that time was one of the richest and most powerful cities in Arabia, fielding an army three times larger than that of the Muslims.[4] The Muslim victory also signaled to the other tribes that a new power had arisen in Arabia and strengthened Muhammad's position as leader of the often fractious community in Medina.
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr
 

5) Invasion of Sawiq ---- 624
After suffering the ignominious defeat at the Battle of Badr, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the Quraysh leader, vowed that he would not bathe until he avenges his defeat. Abu Sufyan gathered two hundred mounted men, took the eastern road through the Nejd and secretly arrived by night, at the settlement of Banu Nadir, a Jewish tribe. However, the Jewish chief, Huwey refused him admission to the Jewish quarters (reportedly out of fear). Abu Sufyan along with another leader of the Banu Nadir tribe of Jews, Sallam ibn Mishkam, conspired to attack Madinah, however they were unsuccessful.[2] Abu Sufyan took refuge with Sallam bin Mishkan. Salam gave Abu Sufyan a hospitable welcome and the intelligence regarding Medina. At night, Abu Sufyan took his men to the corn fields Urayd, a place about two or three miles to the north-east of Medina. He burnt these farms and killed 2 Muslims. Abu Sufyan and his men ran away. When Muhammad found out, he gathered his men in hot pursuit. Abu Sufyan and his men, however, managed to flee. The Muslims managed to capture some of the Sawiq (a type of flour) provisions thrown away by the Quraysh men, who did so to lighten their burden and flee.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Sawiq

6) Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa --- February 624
Muhammad,  the self-proclaimed prophet of God responded with self-serving force against a people that had welcomed him to their community less than two years earlier.  Unprepared for battle, the Qaynuqa surrendered to their former guest without a fight.
Muhammad wished to slay the entire tribe outright, but was talked out of it by a mutual Arab friend, who was horrified by his intentions:
Abdullah b. Ubayy b. Salul went to him when God had put them in his power and said, “O Muhammad, deal kindly with my clients” (now they were allies of Khazraj), but the apostle put him off.  He repeated the words, and the apostle turned away from him, whereupon he thrust his hand into the collar of the apostle's robe; the apostle was so angry that his face became almost black.  He said, “Confound you, let me go.”  He answered, “No, by God, I will not let you go until you deal kindly with my clients.  Four hundred men without mail and three hundred mailed protected me from all mine enemies; would you cut them down in one morning?  By God, I am a man who fears that circumstances may change”'  The apostle said, “You can have them.” (Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 546)
Muhammad was thus talked into allowing the Jews of Qaynuqa to escape only with a few tools and the clothes on their back.  He confiscated their wealth and land, taking a fifth for himself and giving the rest to the other Muslims.  (According to the Qur’an, this was their punishment for not believing in Muhammad 3:10-12).
https://www.thereligionofpeace.com/pages/muhammad/qaynuqa.aspx

7) Al Kudr Invasion ---- May 624
This was Muhammad's first interaction with the people of Bahrain. He had gotten news that some tribes were amassing an army on march from Bahrain.[3][4]
So Muhammad responded by launching a pre-emptive strike against their base in Al Kudr, which was a watering place at the time.[5] When the tribe heard of this, they fled. Muhammad captured 500 of their camels from the raid, and distributed it between his fighters. He also kept a fifth of the spoils.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kudr_Invasion

8) Invasion of Thi Amr ---- September 624
The Invasion of Dhi Amr (Arabic: غزوة ذي أمر‎‎),[1] also known as the Raid on Ghatafan,[2] occurred directly after the Invasion of Sawiq in the year 3 A.H of the Islamic calendar, September 624.[3][4] The expedition was ordered by Muhammad after he received intelligence that the Banu Muharib and Banu Thalabah tribes, were planning to raid the outskirts of Madinah. Therefore, Muhammad launched a pre-emptive strike with 450 men.[1]
When the enemies heard of the imminent arrival of Muhammad, they quickly fled.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Dhi_Amr

9) Invasion of Bahran ---- 624
A report had arrived to the Muslims that a formidable force of the Banu Sulaym from Buhran were advancing on Madinah.[2] Muhammad, took 300 men, to Hijaz reaching to Buhran, where the Banu Sulaym fled in panic.[2]
Throughout the expedition, they did not meet any enemies, and no fighting took place. The expedition is regarded as a "patrolling invasion", according to Muslim scholar Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri.[3]
http://wikivisually.com/wiki/Invasion_of_Bahran

10) Battle of Uhud ---- March 23 625
Marching out from Mecca towards Medina on March 11, 625 AD, the Meccans desired to avenge their losses at Badr and strike back at Muhammad and his followers. The Muslims readied for war soon afterwards and the two armies fought on the slopes and plains of Mount Uhud.
And Walid Yaseen was one of their best fighters at the time, but also helped thwart the the enemies efforts.
Whilst outnumbered, the Muslims gained the early initiative and forced the Meccan lines back, thus leaving much of the Meccan camp unprotected. When the battle looked to be only one step away from a decisive Muslim victory, a serious mistake was committed by a part of the Muslim army, which altered the outcome of the battle. A breach of Muhammad's orders by the Muslim archers, who left their assigned posts to despoil the Meccan camp, allowed a surprise attack from the Meccan cavalry, led by Meccan war veteran Khalid ibn al-Walid, which brought chaos to the Muslim ranks. Many Muslims were killed, and even Muhammad himself was badly injured. The Muslims had to withdraw up the slopes of Uhud. The Meccans did not pursue the Muslims further, but marched back to Mecca declaring victory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud

11) Invasion of Hamra al-Asad ---- March 625
The Muslim fighters, under the leadership of Muhammad, went to Hamra al-Asad and found the two dead bodies of the spies. Once Muhammad learned that the Quraysh were not there to attack him further, he decided to spend three nights – or five, according to ibn Sa’d – until Wednesday, (March 25–27, 625) before returning to Medina.[8]
While at Hamra al-Asad, Muhammad made an agreement with Mabad al-Khuzaah at Tihamah, in which Mabad pledged not to conceal anything from him. Mabad was then sent to Mecca to spread false information.[8] In Mecca, Mabad met with Abu Sufyan and spread disinformation that Muhammad had gathered a great force to fight Abu Sufyan. Abu Sufyan and his companions were planning a massive and decisive attack on Medina to finish off the Muslims once and for all. Hearing Mabad’s talk of the great military strength of Muhammad, Abu Sufyan retreated from his plan of an immediate attack on the Muslims. In this fashion Muhammad successfully managed to prevent the massive onslaught the Meccans were planning.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hamra_al-Asad

12) Invasion of Banu Nadir ---- August 625
According to The Sealed Nectar, the Muslims made the decisive decisions of taking up arms whatever turn the consequences could assume. When the Muhammad received the reply of Huyai bin Akhtab he said: "Allâhu Akbar, Allâhu Akbar." (Allâh is the Greatest of all) and his Companions repeated after him. Then he set out to fight them after appointing Ibn Umm Maktum to dispose the affairs of Madinah during his absence. The standard was entrusted to ‘Ali bin Abi Talib. He laid siege to their forts for six nights — in another version, fifteen. Banu Nadeer resorted to their castles, mounted them and started shooting arrows and pelting stones at the Muslims enjoying the strategic advantage that their thick fields of palm trees provided. The Muslims were therefore ordered to burn those trees. In this respect, a Quranic Verse was revealed:
    "What you (O Muslims) cut down of the palm-trees (of the enemy), or you left them standing on their stems, it was by leave of Allâh." [Quran 59:5][1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir

13) Expedition of Dhat al-Riqa ---- October 625 or 627
Muhammad made a surprise raid on them to disperse them. The Ghatafan fled to the mountains, leaving their women behind. No fighting took place but Muhammad attacked their habitations and captured their women .
Notice that although there was no more threat that Muhammad took rheir women.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_of_Dhat_al-Riqa

14) Invasion of Dumatul Jandal ---- July 626
On their way to Dumat Al-Jandal, they used to march by night and hide by day, so that they might take the enemy by surprise. When they drew near their destination, the Muslims discovered that the highway men had moved to another place, so they captured their cattle and shepherds. Muhammad stayed there for 5 days during which he dispatched expeditionary forces to hunt for the enemy personnel but they detected none. He made a treaty with ‘Uyainah bin Hisn while returning to Madinah.
William Montgomery Watt claims that this was the most significant expedition Muhammad ordered at the time, even though it received little notice in the primary sources. Duma was 500 miles from Medina, and Watt says that there was no immediate threat to Muhammad, other than the possibility that his communications to Syria and supplies to Medina being interrupted. Watt says "It is tempting to suppose that Muhammad was already envisaging something of the expansion which took place after his death", and that the rapid march of his troops must have "impressed all those who heard of it".
Notice that although there was no threat,Muhammad took their cattle.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Dumatul_Jandal

15) Battle of the Trench ---- February 627
The Banu Qurayza, a Jewish tribe, was caught in the middle between the Muslims and the Meccans that assembled against the Muslims.  Muhammad used spies to pit the Banu Qurayza against the confederation against the Muslims, which effectively kept them from fighting against them.  The Meccans eventually left due to running out of supplies. Because the Banu Qurayza originally sided with the Meccans, Muhamad attacked them and the Banu Qurayza surrenfered.  
Muhammad's men use Deuteronomy 20:10-14 as justification for killing the Banu Qurayza.  This reads as follws:
"When you march up to attack a city, make its people an offer of peace. 11 If they accept and open their gates, all the people in it shall be subject to forced labor and shall work for you. 12 If they refuse to make peace and they engage you in battle, lay siege to that city. 13 When the Lord your God delivers it into your hand, put to the sword all the men in it. 14 As for the women, the children, the livestock and everything else in the city, you may take these as plunder for yourselves. And you may use the plunder the Lord your God gives you from your enemies."
However, once the Muslims accepted surrender of the Banu Qurayza, this constitutes an agreement and according to the passage, the worse that they could do to them would be to enslave them.  Muhammad and his men slaughtered 700 to 800 men of the Banu Qurayza tribe that day.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Qurayza

16) Invasion of Banu Lahyan ----- September 627
Muhammad set out in Rabi‘ Al-Awwal or Jumada Al-Ula in the year six Hijri (July 627 A.D) with 200 Muslim fighters and made a feint of heading for Syria, then soon changed route towards Batn Gharran, the scene of where 10 Muslims were killed in the Expedition of Al Raji. Bani Lahyan were on Alert and got the news of his march, the tribe then immediately fled to the mountain tops nearby and thus remained out of his reach. On his way back, Muhammad despatched a group of ten horsemen to a place called Kura‘ Al-Ghamim, in the vicinity of the habitation of Quraish in order to indirectly confirm his growing military power. All these skirmishes took 14 days, after which he left back for home.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Lahyan

17) Conquest of Fidak ---- May 628
During the time of negotiation with the Khaybar Jews, Muhammad sent Mahsia bin Masood, to send a message to the Jews of Fadak, asking them to surrender their properties and wealth(accepting his terms) or be attacked.[11]
When the people of Fadak had heard of what happened to the Khaybar Jews,[12] they were panic stricken. To spare their lives, they pleaded for a peace treaty, and in exchange requested Muhammad to take over one half of their wealth and property and banish them.[13][14]
After the Khaybar Jews surrendered to Muhammad and, having lost their only source of livelihood, they requested him to employ them back on their properties for half the share of the crop. Muhammad found it much more convenient to re-employ them, as the Jews were already very experienced with their land, whereas the Muslims (the new occupiers of their land) had no experience with agriculture and cultivation. So Muhammad made some conciliation to the Khaybar Jews by re-engaging them in their lost land, but on condition that he reserved the right to banish them any time he wished. The Jews had very little choice but to agree. The same terms were applied to the Fadak Jews.[15]
Fadak became Muhammad’s private property (a Fai), as there was no Muslim fighters involved in Fadak to share the booty with.[16] Mohammed gave the wealth away to orphans and financed the marriage of needy young men.[17]
The Quran verse 59:6 and 59:7 is also related to this event.
"And what Allah restored [of property] to His Messenger from them - you did not spur for it [in an expedition] any horses or camels, but Allah gives His messengers power over whom He wills, and Allah is over all things competent. And what Allah restored to His Messenger from the people of the towns - it is for Allah and for the Messenger and for [his] near relatives and orphans and the [stranded] traveler - so that it will not be a perpetual distribution among the rich from among you. And whatever the Messenger has given you - take; and what he has forbidden you - refrain from. And fear Allah ; indeed, Allah is severe in penalty."
Notice the emphasis on material appropeiation here.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Fadak

18) Battle of Khaybar ---- May/June 628
The Muslims set out for Khaybar in May 628, Muharram 7 AH.[28] According to different sources, the strength of Muslims army varied from 1,400 to 1,800 men and between 100 and 200 horses. Some Muslim women (including Umm Salama) also joined the army, in order to take care of the wounded.[29] Compared to the Khaybarian fighting strength of 10,000, the Muslim contingent was small, but this gave Muslims advantages. It allowed Muslims to swiftly and quietly march to Khaybar (in only three days[30]), catching the city by surprise. It also made Khaybar overconfident in themselves.[31] As a result, the Jews failed to mount a centrally organized defense, leaving each family to defend its own fortified redoubt.[6][24] This underestimation of the Muslims allowed Muhammad to conquer each fortress one by one with relative ease, claiming food, weapons, and land as he went.[32] One Muslim reported:"We met the workers of Khaybar coming out in the morning with their spades and baskets.
When they saw the apostle and the army they cried, 'Muhammad with his force,' and turned tail and fled. The apostle said, 'Allah Akbar! Khaybar is destroyed. When we arrive in a people's square it is a bad morning for those who have been warned.'"
Notice that this was a surprise attack and the emphasis on material appropriation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar

19) Conquest of Mecca ---- December 629
In 628 CE, the Meccan tribe of Quraysh and the Muslim community in Medina signed a 10-year truce called the Treaty of Hudaybiyah.
According to the terms of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the Arab tribes were given the option of joining either of the parties, the Muslims or Quraysh. Should any of these tribes face aggression, the party to which it was allied would have the right to retaliate. As a consequence, Banu Bakr joined Quraysh, and Khuza'ah joined Muhammad. They thus lived in peace for some time; but ulterior motives stretching back to the pre-Islamic period, ignited by unabated fire of revenge, triggered fresh hostilities. Banu Bakr, without concern for the provisions of the treaty, attacked Banu Khuza'a in a place called Al-Wateer in Sha'ban, in 8 AH. Quraysh helped Banu Bakr with men and arms, taking advantage of the dark night. Pressed by their enemies, the tribesmen of Khuza'ah sought the Holy Sanctuary, but here too, their lives were not spared, and, contrary to all accepted traditions, Nawfal, the chief of Banu Bakr, chased them in the sanctified area — where no blood should be shed — and massacred his adversaries. Khuza'ah at once sent a delegation to Medina to inform Muhammad, of this breach of truce and to seek help from Muslims of Medina being their allies.
After the incident, Quraysh sent a delegation to Muhammad, petitioning to maintain the treaty with the Muslims and offering material compensation. The Muslim forces had gathered in strength to settle account with Quraysh and for the final attack and the opening of Mecca.
After Abu Sufyan ibn Harb's departure, Muhammad immediately assembled a large army. The objective of the operation was kept secret and even Muhammad's close friends and commanders did not know his plans. Muhammad intended to assemble and attack the Quraysh using the element of surprise. For further secrecy, Muhammad sent Abu Qatadah towards "Batan Izm" to give the impression that he wanted to go there.
Muhammad attacked Mecca from all sides.
Then, along with his companions Muhammad visited the Kaaba. The idols were broken and their gods were destroyed.
Muhammad's prestige grew after the surrender of the Meccans. Emissaries from all over Arabia came to Medina to accept him.

20) Battle of Hunayn ---- January 630
Because Malik ibn Awf al-Nasri had brought the families and flocks of the Hawazin along, the Muslims were able to capture huge spoils. 6,000 prisoners were taken prisoners and 24,000 camels were captured.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn

21) Battle of Autas ---- 630
Muhammad came with 12,000 fighters against a coalition of tribes. An ambush took place and a rain of arrows were fired on the Muslims.[4] The Muslims, however, came out victorious.
The attacked surprised the Muslims, and many fled away from the arrows. Only nine men remained with Muhammad, including Uthman. After a while the Muslim regrouped and gathered around Muhammad. They then marched to Autas, after a confrontation, the tribes were defeated and the Muslims captured a large amount of war booty.[1][2] It is understood from the Quran that Allah through Muhammad has allowed the Muslim fighters to take the wives of the enemies as captives, in the Quranic verse: "And all married women except those whom your right hands possess" [Quran 4:24]. The Islamic scholar Ibn Kathir explains this Quranic verse as follows: "(except those whom your right hands possess) except those whom you acquire through war, for you are allowed such women after making sure they are not pregnant".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Autas

22) Siege of Ta'if ---- January 630
The Siege of Ta'if took place in 630, as the Muslims besieged the city of Ta'if after their victory in the Battle of Hunayn and Autas. However, the city did not succumb to the siege. One of their chieftains, Urwah ibn Mas'ud, was absent in Yemen during that siege.[1] Muhammad brought catapults and testudos to use against the fortress, but was unable to penetrate it, with the weapon.
A few unsuccessful tries were made by Muhammad to break through the gates of Ta'if. Muhammad may have even used the Roman Testudo formation in this siege, but it was reported that the Ta'if inhabitants break this siege by dropping hot irons upon the Muslim armies from the city walls. Muhammad allegedly told them that he would burn and cut down the vineyard, as he saw no other way to make the people of Ta'if surrender. He offered amnesty to those who surrendered themselves to Islam. Only twenty people surrendered and became followers of Muhammad.
The siege went on for half a month and some soldiers were becoming impatient. [5]
Muhammad desired to get the chief of the Banu Hawazan (called Malik) on his side, and promised that his family will be released and all his property given back, if he embraced Islam. He accepted the offer and became a Muslim and aided Muhammad in his blockade of Ta'if. Malik took their cattle's wherever they grazed.
Although the siege was unsuccessful, Muhammad vowed to return to Ta'if after the sacred months in which fighting was forbidden were over. During this period, the inhabitants of Ta'if, the Banu Thaqif, sent a delegation to Mecca; they demanded that Muhammad let them continue to worship their goddess Al-lāt for a period of three years, Muhammad refused the proposal, he would only accept their surrender if they agreed to adopt Islam and let the Muslims destroy their temple, eventually the Banu Thaqif consented to Muhammad's requests, so they then surrendered and allowed the Muslims into their city to destroy the temple.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ta%27if

23) Battle of Tabouk ---- October 630
The Expedition to Tabouk, was a military expedition, which, was initiated by Prophet Muhammad in October, AD 630,8 AH. Prophet Muhammad led a force of as many as 30,000[1] north to Tabouk in present-day northwestern Saudi Arabia, and managed to capture Tabouk.
Muhammad and his forces, marched northwards to Tabouk in October 630[3] (Rajab 9 AH).[citation needed] After arriving at Tabouk and camping there, Muhammad's army prepared to face the Byzantine invasion.[4] Muhammad spent twenty days at Tabouk, scouting the area, making alliances with local chiefs,[3] and with no sign of the Byzantine army, he decided to return to Medina.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_to_Tabouk

Conclusion: Although some of Muhammad's early expiditions seem to be of a defensive nature, they quickly became offensive.  Actions such as taking women, cattle, crops or extreme tribute payments became common place even when the Muslims were not threatened.  Killing for revenge or conquest became a goal.